Efficacy of metamizole to prevent kidney injury after renal-ischaemic reperfusion injury in Wistar rats.

Background: Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a common kidney procedure complication due to temporary blood flow interruption, leading to kidney injuries. This study aimed to analyze the effect of metamizole on the levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18), neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and histopathological changes in rats with RIRI. Materials and methods: Animal pre-clinical design study was used. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four groups: negative control, positive control, M100, and M200. Blood samples were collected by intracardiac puncture, followed by bilateral nephrectomy and analyzed histopathologically. Results: Significant difference in IL-18 levels between positive control vs negative control (114.1 + 12.07 vs. 94.0 + 11.4; P = 0.019) and positive control vs M100 (114.1 + 12.07 vs. 86.9 + 8.34; P = 0.007). There was no difference in NGAL. M100 group had the lowest serum MPO levels (14.78+2.01), there was a significant difference in MPO levels in all pairwise analyses. There was a difference in cumulative EGTI scores among the study groups [positive 10.5 (8-11) vs. negative 9 (7-10) vs. M100 9 (7-10) vs. M200 9 (7-11); P = 0.021]. Conclusion: Metamizole 100 mg/kgBW can reduce IL-18 and MPO levels in RIRI, giving more optimal results without affecting NGAL levels. Metamizole administration can reduce cumulative EGTI scores in RIRI, both at doses of 100 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW. This study shows that Metamizole can be used to prevent kidney injury caused by RIRI. IL-18 and MPO can be biomarkers in predicting kidney injury in RIRI.

Potential benefit of olive leaf extract in cervical spondylotic myelopathy model.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical spondylosis is the most common cause of myelopathy in the cervical due to chronic compression of the spinal cord in patients aged 55 years or older. Recent studies suggest that olive extracts suppress inflammation and reduce stress oxidative injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential neuroprotective effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) in an experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy model. METHODS: This study was divided into 6 groups; Control Negative (Sham-Operated) Group, Control Positive 1 & 2 (early chronic and chronic), Treatment Groups 1, 2 & 3 (prophylactic, concomitant & late). Olive leaf extract (OLE) give 350 mg/kg BW and spinal cord sample was taken at the compression level C5. Histopathological assessment and immunohistochemistry of Amyloid-ß, p-Tau, TDP-43 dan CD-68 dan evaluation of functional motoric outcome was done before animals were terminated. RESULTS: Chronic spinal cord compression increased the expression of Amyloid-ß, p-Tau, TDP-43 dan CD-68. OLE 350 mg/kg BW decreased the expression of these biomarkers and increased functional motoric outcome, especially as prophylactic dan concomitant treatment. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that OLE may be effective in protecting cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Blood Cortisol Level and Blood Serotonin Level in Depression Mice with Basil Leaf Essential Oil Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious public health problem. The impact of depression is enormous, ranging from decreasing work productivity, interpersonal disorders, sleep and eating disorders, susceptible to disease to an increase in suicides. In a state of depression, there was an increase in cortisol and changes in the neurotransmitter of the brain monoamine, norepinephrine and dopamine and specifically serotonin level. Treatment of depression using synthetic drugs such as the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) drug which is said to be safe turns out to still have side effects, such as stomach disorders, erectile disorders, weight gain and sometimes sleep disorders. So, the usage of traditional medicines can be an alternative. One of the traditional medicines that have been studied in Indonesia was the essential oil of basil leaves, which is known to function as an antidepressant at a dose of 2.5 x 10-2 mL/kg b.w. AIM: To determine the comparison of cortisol and serotonin level between depressed mice which get basil leaf essential oil as intervention, depression mice, and normal mice. METHODS: This research was an experimental type purely using experimental animal models, with an experimental research design Post Test Only Context Group Design in mice (Mus musculus), by dividing 3 groups of mice, namely depressed mice which received essential oil of basil leaves dose of 2.5 x 10-2 mL/kg BW, depression mice, and normal mice, to compare the level of blood cortisol and serotonin while to determine effect of administration basil leaves essential oils in depression mice. RESULTS: Cortisol levels between intervened depression mice, depression mice, and normal mice groups were significantly comparable with p < 0.001, while serotonin level was significantly comparable between intervened depression mice, depression mice, and normal mice group with p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Evidenced by differences in cortisol levels, serotonin levels between normal mice groups, depressed mice and mice that received essential oils of basil leaves. The comparisons showed that the cortisol level of the intervened depression group was lower than the depression mice group; however the level didn't reach the level of cortisol in the normal group. While the serotonin level of intervened depression mice group was higher than the depression mice group or normal mice group.

Hepatoprotective Activity and Nephroprotective Activity of Peel Extract from Three Varieties of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora Sp.) in the Albino Rat.

BACKGROUND: The Passion Fruit (Passiflora sp.) that grows in the Indonesian region generally has three varieties, namely purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.), red passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss.), and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora verrucifera Lindl.). The passion fruit peel is an economic waste that has not been utilised optimally, but has many efficacious phytochemical contents. AIM: The objectives of this research are to examine scientifically hepatoprotective activity (with paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic) and nephroprotective activity (with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic) from three varieties of the passion fruit (purple passion fruit peel extract, red passion fruit peel extract and yellow passion fruit peel extract) in the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). METHODS: Three varieties of passion fruit peels were extracted by maceration method. The experimental animals used were the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). Hepatoprotective activity was done by the liver biochemical (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) analysis with paracetamol (hepatotoxic compound) induced after 10 days of treatment with extract. Nephroprotective activity was done by the kidney biochemical (urea and creatinine) analysis with gentamicin (nephrotoxic compound) induced after 10 days of treatment with extract. RESULTS: The hepatoprotective activity for positive control was similar to the 250 mg of purple passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, 250 mg of red passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, and 500 mg of yellow passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight. The nephroprotective activity for positive control (50 mg of silymarin per kg of body weight) was similar to the 250 mg of purple passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, 500 mg of red passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight, and 500 mg of yellow passion fruit peel extract per kg of body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The extracts were shown hepatoprotective activity and nephroprotective activity with a dose-dependent activity. The hepatoprotective activity and nephroprotective activity of purple passion fruit peel extract were the best compared to red passion fruit peel extract and yellow passion fruit peel extract.

Increasing Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes into Four Groups of Mice.

AIM: To study the protective effect of medicines on the formation of atherosclerosis in mice, it is needed to conduct the study in mice which is not genetically diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ) to produce hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis, compared with mice treated by yolk or its combination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six mice, Double Deutch Webster strain, male, receive 10 weeks, 20 - 30 gr bodyweight were divided into 4 groups (n = 14) i.e. control (do not received any agents), STZ (45 mg/kg/BW was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days), yolk (0.2 cc orally daily for 6 weeks), and combination of STZ and yolk (. STZ: 45 mg/kg/BW intraperitoneally add 0.2 cc yolk orally). All animals were executed in the 42nd day. Then, the aorta of the mice's heart tissue was histopathology examined. Blood glucose and cholesterol levels were determined every week. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia occurred in mice induced by STZ injection with the highest BGL (521.8 ± 48.2 mg/dl; 188.4%) in the 4th-week observation; after that BGL decrease. We found that, except the control, all treatment groups with STZ, egg yolk, and combination underwent atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: The present study was able to demonstrate the occurrence of atherosclerosis in mice treated by STZ accompanied with increasing blood glucose and cholesterol level.

Correlation of Leukocyte Subtypes, Neutrohyl Lymphocyte Ratio, and Functional Outcome in Brain Metastasis.

BACKGROUND: As the most cause of death in patients with solid extracranial malignancy, brain metastasis (BM) nowadays being studied extensively especially on how to find a reliable laboratory marker that can correlate with its clinical outcome. Leukocyte subtypes, primarily neutrophils and lymphocytes and its ratio known as Neutrophils-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) have been known before its relationship with progressivity of BM from other solid tumours. AIM: The objectives of this research to study the correlation of leukocyte subtypes, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio & functional outcome in brain metastasis. METHODS: The study subjects were recruited consecutively from the study population. Venous blood was taken 5 ml of venous blood samples done in the first day of admission on emergency department and neurology clinic of Neurology Department of Adam Malik General Hospital before any drug injections. Samples were kept in vacutainer tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sent to Department of Clinical Pathology laboratory of Adam Malik General Hospital, immediately centrifuged at 3100 rpm for 10 minutes in -20°C temperature and analysed using Sysmex XT-2000i. Functional outcome of the patient assessed using Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) in a cross-sectional manner with laboratory analysis. RESULTS: We conduct a mean differences and correlational leukocytes and its subsets analysis of 72 BM patients resulting on significant positive correlation on lymphocyte percentage (r = 0.383, p = 0.001) and lymphocyte absolute (r = 0.265, p = 0.024), also significant negative correlation on neutrophils (r = -0.240, p = 0.042) and NLR (r = -0.432, p < 0.001) with Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). CONCLUSION: Increased lymphocyte absolute and lymphocyte percentage correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with better KPS, while elevated neutrophils percentage and increased NLR show significant correlation with worse outcome of BM patients.